112-51 Sample Questions Answers

Unauthorized access signatures were identified by Kalley through the installed monitoring system. Unauthorized access signatures are designed to detect attempts to gain unauthorized access to a system or network by exploiting vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, or weak credentials. Password cracking, sniffing, and brute-forcing are common techniques used by attackers to obtain or guess the passwords of legitimate users or administrators and gain access to their accounts or privileges. These techniques generate suspicious traffic patterns that can be detected by traffic monitoring systems, such as Snort, using signature-based detection. Signature-based detection is based on the premise that abnormal or malicious network traffic fits a distinct pattern, whereas normal or benign traffic does not. Therefore, by installing a traffic monitoring system and capturing and reporting suspicious traffic signatures, Kalley can identify and prevent unauthorized access attempts and protect the security of her organization’s network.References:

• Network Defense Essentials Courseware, EC-Council, 2020, pp. 3-33 to 3-34
• Detecting Suspicious Traffic via Signatures - Intrusion Detection with Snort, O’Reilly, 2003
• Threat Signature Categories - Palo Alto Networks, Palo Alto Networks, 2020

The correct sequence of steps involved in the creation of a data retention policy is 3 -> 1 -> 4 -> 5 -> 2. This is based on the following description of the data retention policy creation process from the web search results:

• Build a team: To design a data retention policy, you need a team of industry experts, such as legal, IT, compliance, and business representatives, who can contribute their knowledge and perspectives to the policy.The team should have a clear leader who can coordinate the tasks and communicate the goals and expectations1.
• Determine legal requirements: The team should research and understand the applicable legal and regulatory requirements for data retention that affect the organization, such as GDPR, HIPAA, PCI DSS, etc.The team should also consider any contractual obligations or industry standards that may influence the data retention policy2134.
• Identify and classify the data: The team should inventory and categorize all the data that the organization collects, stores, and processes, based on their function, subject, or type.The team should also assess the value, risk, and sensitivity of each data category, and determine the appropriate retention period, format, and location for each data category2134.
• Develop the data retention policy: The team should draft the data retention policy document that outlines the purpose, scope, roles, responsibilities, procedures, and exceptions of the data retention policy. The policy should be clear, concise, and consistent, and should reflect the legal and business requirements of the organization.The policy should also include a data retention schedule that specifies the retention period and disposition method for each data category2134.
• Ensure that all employees understand the organization’s data retention policy: The team should communicate and distribute the data retention policy to all the relevant employees and stakeholders, and provide training and guidance on how to comply with the policy.The team should also monitor and enforce the policy, and review and update the policy regularly to reflect any changes in the legal or business environment2134.

References:

• How to Create a Data Retention Policy | Smartsheet, Smartsheet, July 17, 2019
• What Is a Data Retention Policy? Best Practices + Template, Drata, November 29, 2023
• Data Retention Policy: What It Is and How to Create One - SpinOne, SpinOne, 2020
• How to Develop and Implement a Retention Policy - SecureScan, SecureScan, 2020

anonymous proxy is a type of proxy that hides the user’s IP address and other identifying information from the web servers they access. An anonymous proxy acts as an intermediary between the user and the internet, and it modifies the HTTP headers to prevent the web servers from tracking the user’s location, browser, or device. An anonymous proxy can help the user bypass geo-restrictions, censorship, and online surveillance. However, an anonymous proxy does not encrypt the user’s traffic, and it may still leak some information to the proxy provider or other third parties. An anonymous proxy is the type of proxy employed by Mary in the above scenario, as she used a proxy tool that makes her online activity untraceable.References:

• What is a Proxy Server and How Does it Work?
• 13 Best Proxy Tools for PC [2024 Reviewed]- Section: Anonymous proxies
• The Fastest Free Proxy

WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2) is an encryption technology that secures wireless networks using the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2 uses a four-way handshake to authenticate the client and the access point, and to generate a pairwise transient key (PTK) for encrypting the data. The PTK is derived from the password pairwise master key (PMK), which is a shared secret between the client and the access point. The PMK can be obtained either by using a pre-shared key (PSK) or by using an 802.1X authentication server. In the above scenario, George performed password cracking on WPA2, as he used sniffing tools to capture the PMK associated with the handshake authentication process. Then, using the PMK, he was able to derive the PTK and decrypt the data exchanged between the client and the access point.References:

• WPA2- Wikipedia
• How WPA2-PSK encryption works?- Cryptography Stack Exchange
• WPA2 Encryption and Configuration Guide- Cisco Meraki Documentation

Role-based access control (RBAC) is a type of access control model that refers to assigning permissions to a user role based on the rules defined for each user role by the administrator. In RBAC, the administrator creates different roles and assigns them the appropriate access rights to the resources. The administrator then assigns users to those roles based on their job functions. This way, the administrator can manage the access of users to the resources without having to deal with each user individually.RBAC can simplify the administration, enhance the security, and improve the scalability of the access control system12.References:Network Defense Essentials - EC-Council Learning,Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) and Role-Based Security

Atomic-signature-based analysis is a type of attack signature analysis technique that uses a single characteristic or attribute of a packet header to identify malicious traffic. Atomic signatures are simple and fast to match, but they can also generate false positives or miss some attacks. Some examples of atomic signatures are source and destination IP addresses, port numbers, protocol types, and TCP flags. Atomic-signature-based analysis is the technique performed by Joseph in the above scenario, as he analyzed packet headers to check whether any indications of source and destination IP addresses and port numbers are being changed during transmission.References:

• [Understanding the Network Traffic Signatures] - Module 12: Network Traffic Monitoring
• Network Defense Essentials (NDE) | Coursera- Week 12: Network Traffic Monitoring
• [Network Defense Essentials Module 12 (Network Traffic Monitoring) - Quizlet] - Flashcards: What are Network Traffic Signatures?

Orchestrators are tools that automate container deployment, administration, and scaling tasks. They allow you to reliably manage fleets of hundreds or thousands of containers in production environments. Orchestrators simplify container admin by letting you think in terms of application components instead of individual containers. They’re able to take control of all your app’s requirements, including config values, secrets, and network services. Orchestrators are the solution employed by Joseph in the above scenario, as he used an automated solution that converts images into containers, deploys them to the hosts, and further monitors container workflow from a single location.References:

• 13 Most Useful Container Orchestration Tools in 2024 - Spacelift
• Network Defense Essentials - CERT - EC-Council- Module 6: Virtualization and Cloud Computing

The type of attack initiated by Jacob in the above scenario is a cross-container attack. A cross-container attack is a type of attack that targets container technology and exploits the shared resources and network connections between containers. A cross-container attack can compromise the security and availability of multiple containers and the underlying host by performing actions such as stealing data, executing commands, consuming resources, or spreading malware. A cross-container attack can be launched by an external attacker who gains access to a container through a network vulnerability, or by a malicious insider who runs a rogue container on the same host or cluster.A cross-container attack can be prevented or mitigated by implementing security best practices for container technology, such as isolating containers, limiting privileges, enforcing policies, scanning images, and monitoring network traffic123.References:

• Network Defense Essentials Courseware, EC-Council, 2020, pp. 3-37 to 3-38
• 6 Common Kubernetes and Container Attack Techniques and How to Prevent Them - Palo Alto Networks, Palo Alto Networks, March 2, 2022
• The evolution of a matrix: How ATT&CK for Containers was built - Microsoft, Microsoft, July 21, 2021

The state in which Mark encrypted the data in the above scenario is data in use. Data in use refers to data that is being processed or manipulated by an application or a system, such as data stored on RAM or CPU registers. Data in use is the most vulnerable state of data, as it is exposed to various threats, such as memory scraping, buffer overflow, or side-channel attacks, that can compromise the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of the data. Data in use encryption is a technique that protects the data while it is being processed by encrypting it in memory using hardware or software solutions. Data in use encryption prevents unauthorized access or modification of the data, even if the system is compromised or the memory is dumped.Data in use encryption is one of the three types of data encryption, along with data at rest encryption and data in transit encryption123.References:

• Network Defense Essentials Courseware, EC-Council, 2020, pp. 3-23 to 3-24
• Encryption: Data at Rest, Data in Motion and Data in Use, Jatheon, 2020
• Data in Use Encryption: What It Is and Why You Need It, Fortanix, 2020

Physical security controls are security measures that prevent or deter unauthorized physical access to a facility, resource, or information. Physical security controls include locks, doors, gates, fences, guards, cameras, alarms, sensors, biometrics, and badges. Physical security controls protect the network and its components from theft, damage, sabotage, or natural disasters. Clark implemented physical security controls in the above scenario, as he installed security controls that allow employees to enter the office only after scanning their badges or fingerprints.References:

• Understanding the Various Types of Physical Security Controls- Week 4: Network Security Controls: Physical Controls
• The Role of Physical Security in Maintaining Network Security
• Physical Security: Planning, Measures & Examples + PDF

The object of the container network model (CNM) that contains the configuration files of a container’s network stack, such as routing table, container’s interfaces, and DNSsettings, is the Sandbox. A Sandbox is a logical entity that encapsulates the network configuration and state of a container. A Sandbox can contain one or more endpoints from different networks, and provides isolation and security for the container’s network stack. A Sandbox can be implemented using various technologies, such as Linux network namespaces, FreeBSD jails, or Windows compartments.A Sandbox allows the container to have its own view and control of the network resources, such as interfaces, addresses, routes, and DNS settings123.References:

• The Container Networking Model | Training, Training, 2020
• A Comprehensive Guide To Docker Networking - KnowledgeHut, KnowledgeHut, September 27, 2023
• Design - GitHub: Let’s build from here, GitHub, 2020

HitmanPro is a tool that is designed to identify and prevent malicious Trojans or malware from infecting computer systems or electronic devices. HitmanPro is a cloud-based malware scanner that can detect and remove various types of malware, such as viruses, ransomware, spyware, rootkits, etc.HitmanPro can also work alongside other antivirus programs and provide a second opinion on the security status of the system12.References:Network Defense Essentials - EC-Council Learning,HitmanPro - Malware Removal Tool | Sophos

Finch has implemented the COBO (Corporate-Owned, Business-Only) mobile usage policy in the above scenario. COBO is a policy where the organization provides mobile devices to the employees and restricts them to use the devices only for work-related purposes. The organization has full control over the devices and can enforce security measures, such as encryption, password protection, remote wipe, and application whitelisting or blacklisting. The employees are not allowed to use the devices for personal use, such as browsing the internet, making personal calls, or installing personal apps. COBO is a policy that aims to maximize security and minimize distractions and risks for the organization and the employees.References:

• Mobile usage policy in office - sample, cell phone policy in companies and organization, HR Help Board, 2020
• Employee Cell Phone Policy Template, Workable, 2020
• How Employers Enforce Cell Phone Policies in the Workplace, Indeed, 2022

RSA is a public-key cryptosystem that uses modular arithmetic and elementary number theory for Internet encryption and user authentication. RSA stands for Rivest-Shamir-Adleman, the names of the inventors of the algorithm. RSA allows users to generate a pair of keys, one public and one private, that are mathematically related. The public key can be used to encrypt messages or verify digital signatures, while the private key can be used to decrypt messages or create digital signatures.RSA is based on the difficulty of factoring large numbers, which makes it secure and widely used12.References:What is Public-Key Cryptosystem in Information Security?,Network Defense Essentials (NDE) | Coursera

Biometric authentication is a type of authentication that uses the physical or behavioral characteristics of a person to verify their identity. Biometric authentication is more secure and convenient than other methods such as passwords or tokens, as biometric traits are unique, hard to forge, and easy to use. Some examples of biometric authentication techniques are retina scanner, DNA, and voice recognition. Retina scanner uses a low-intensity light beam to scan the pattern of blood vessels at the back of the eye, which is unique for each individual. DNA uses the genetic code of a person to match their identity, which is the most accurate and reliable biometric technique. Voice recognition uses the sound and pitch of a person’s voice to verify their identity, which is influenced by factors such as anatomy, physiology, and psychology. These techniques fall under biometric authentication, as they use the physical or behavioral traits of a person to authenticate them.References:

• Biometric Authentication- Week 2: Identification, Authentication, and Authorization
• Biometric Authentication: What You Need To Know
• Biometric Authentication Techniques

SIEM stands for Security Information and Event Management. It is a security solution that collects, analyzes, and correlates data from various sources, such as logs, network devices, applications, and security tools. SIEM provides real-time monitoring, threat detection, and security incident response activities.SIEM can help security professionals identify and mitigate security risks, comply with regulations, and improve the overall security posture of the organization12.References:Network Defense Essentials - EC-Council Learning,What is SIEM? Security Information and Event Management Explained

The loT communication model that serves as an analyzer for a company to track monthly or yearly energy consumption is the device-to-cloud model. The device-to-cloud model is a loT communication model where the loT devices, such as smart meters, sensors, or thermostats, send data directly to the cloud platform, such as AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud, over the internet. The cloud platform then processes, analyzes, and stores the data, and provides feedback, control, or visualization to the users or applications. The device-to-cloud model enables the company to monitor and optimize the energy consumption of the loT devices in real time, and to leverage the cloud services, such as machine learning, big data analytics, or artificial intelligence, to perform advanced energy management and demand response.The device-to-cloud model also reduces the complexity and cost of the loT infrastructure, as it does not require intermediate gateways or servers to connect the loT devices to the cloud123.References:

• Network Defense Essentials Courseware, EC-Council, 2020, pp. 3-38 to 3-39
• loT Communication Models: Device-to-Device, Device-to-Cloud, Device-to-Gateway, and Back-End Data-Sharing, DZone, July 9, 2018
• loT Communication Models: Device-to-Device, Device-to-Cloud, Device-to-Gateway, and Back-End Data-Sharing, Medium, March 26, 2019