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Which of the following items is unique to the N-tier architecture method of designing software applications?
What is the main difference between a “Normal” SQL Injection and a “Blind” SQL Injection vulnerability?
Which of the following ensures that updates to policies, procedures, and configurations are made in a controlled and documented fashion?
Employees in a company are no longer able to access Internet web sites on their computers. The network administrator is able to successfully ping IP address of web servers on the Internet and is able to open web sites by using an IP address in place of the URL. The administrator runs the nslookup command for www.eccouncil.org and receives an error message stating there is no response from the server. What should the administrator do next?
Which method can provide a better return on IT security investment and provide a thorough and comprehensive assessment of organizational security covering policy, procedure design, and implementation?
The use of technologies like IPSec can help guarantee the followinG. authenticity, integrity, confidentiality and
Neil is an IT security consultant working on contract for Davidson Avionics. Neil has been hired to audit the network of Davidson Avionics. He has been given permission to perform any tests necessary. Neil has created a fake company ID badge and uniform. Neil waits by one of the company's entrance doors and follows an employee into the office after they use their valid access card to gain entrance. What type of social engineering attack has Neil employed here?
A security engineer is attempting to map a company’s internal network. The engineer enters in the following NMAP commanD.
NMAP –n –sS –P0 –p 80 ***.***.**.**
What type of scan is this?
You receive an email with the following message:
Hello Steve,
We are having technical difficulty in restoring user database record after the recent blackout. Your account data is corrupted. Please logon to the SuperEmailServices.com and change your password.
http://www.supermailservices.com@0xde.0xad.0xbe.0xef/support/logon.htm
If you do not reset your password within 7 days, your account will be permanently disabled locking you out from our e-mail services.
Sincerely,
Technical Support
SuperEmailServices
From this e-mail you suspect that this message was sent by some hacker since you have been using their e-mail services for the last 2 years and they have never sent out an e-mail such as this. You also observe the URL in the message and confirm your suspicion about 0xde.0xad.0xbde.0xef which looks like hexadecimal numbers. You immediately enter the following at Windows 2000 command prompt:
Ping 0xde.0xad.0xbe.0xef
You get a response with a valid IP address.
What is the obstructed IP address in the e-mail URL?
Hayden is the network security administrator for her company, a large finance firm based in Miami. Hayden just returned from a security conference in Las Vegas where they talked about all kinds of old and new security threats; many of which she did not know of. Hayden is worried about the current security state of her company's network so she decides to start scanning the network from an external IP address. To see how some of the hosts on her network react, she sends out SYN packets to an IP range. A number of IPs responds with a SYN/ACK response. Before the connection is established she sends RST packets to those hosts to stop the session. She does this to see how her intrusion detection system will log the traffic. What type of scan is Hayden attempting here?
You are doing IP spoofing while you scan your target. You find that the target has port 23 open. Anyway you are unable to connect. Why?
Web servers are often the most targeted and attacked hosts on organizations' networks. Attackers may exploit software bugs in the Web server, underlying operating system, or active content to gain unauthorized access.
Identify the correct statement related to the above Web Server installation?
During a wireless penetration test, a tester detects an access point using WPA2 encryption. Which of the following attacks should be used to obtain the key?
When writing shellcodes, you must avoid ____________ because these will end the string.
One of the better features of NetWare is the use of packet signature that includes cryptographic signatures. The packet signature mechanism has four levels from 0 to 3.
In the list below which of the choices represent the level that forces NetWare to sign all packets?
A penetration tester was hired to perform a penetration test for a bank. The tester began searching for IP ranges owned by the bank, performing lookups on the bank's DNS servers, reading news articles online about the bank, watching what times the bank employees come into work and leave from work, searching the bank's job postings (paying special attention to IT related jobs), and visiting the local dumpster for the bank's corporate office. What phase of the penetration test is the tester currently in?
What is the correct PCAP filter to capture all TCP traffic going to or from host 192.168.0.125 on port 25?
A developer for a company is tasked with creating a program that will allow customers to update their billing and shipping information. The billing address field used is limited to 50 characters. What pseudo code would the developer use to avoid a buffer overflow attack on the billing address field?
An attacker has captured a target file that is encrypted with public key cryptography. Which of the attacks below is likely to be used to crack the target file?
Bob is a very security conscious computer user. He plans to test a site that is known to have malicious applets, code, and more. Bob always make use of a basic Web Browser to perform such testing.
Which of the following web browser can adequately fill this purpose?
Jake is a network administrator who needs to get reports from all the computer and network devices on his network. Jake wants to use SNMP but is afraid that won't be secure since passwords and messages are in clear text. How can Jake gather network information in a secure manner?
Passive reconnaissance involves collecting information through which of the following?
Bill is a security analyst for his company. All the switches used in the company's office are Cisco switches. Bill wants to make sure all switches are safe from ARP poisoning. How can Bill accomplish this?
To see how some of the hosts on your network react, Winston sends out SYN packets to an IP range. A number of IPs respond with a SYN/ACK response. Before the connection is established he sends RST packets to those hosts to stop the session. Winston has done this to see how his intrusion detection system will log the traffic. What type of scan is Winston attempting here?
John runs a Web server, IDS and firewall on his network. Recently his Web server has been under constant hacking attacks. He looks up the IDS log files and sees no intrusion attempts but the Web server constantly locks up and needs rebooting due to various brute force and buffer overflow attacks but still the IDS alerts no intrusion whatsoever. John becomes suspicious and views the Firewall logs and he notices huge SSL connections constantly hitting his Web server. Hackers have been using the encrypted HTTPS protocol to send exploits to the Web server and that was the reason the IDS did not detect the intrusions. How would John protect his network from these types of attacks?
If an attacker's computer sends an IPID of 31400 to a zombie (Idle Scanning) computer on an open port, what will be the response?
Bob is going to perform an active session hijack against Brownies Inc. He has found a target that allows session oriented connections (Telnet) and performs the sequence prediction on the target operating system. He manages to find an active session due to the high level of traffic on the network. What is Bob supposed to do next?
In the software security development life cyle process, threat modeling occurs in which phase?
The network administrator at Spears Technology, Inc has configured the default gateway Cisco router's access-list as below:
You are hired to conduct security testing on their network. You successfully brute-force the SNMP community string using a SNMP crack tool. The access-list configured at the router prevents you from establishing a successful connection. You want to retrieve the Cisco configuration from the router. How would you proceed?
Sally is a network admin for a small company. She was asked to install wireless accesspoints in the building. In looking at the specifications for the access-points, she sees that all of them offer WEP. Which of these are true about WEP?
Select the best answer.
You are a Administrator of Windows server. You want to find the port number for POP3. What file would you find the information in and where?
Select the best answer.
Eric has discovered a fantastic package of tools named Dsniff on the Internet. He has learnt to use these tools in his lab and is now ready for real world exploitation. He was able to effectively intercept communications between the two entities and establish credentials with both sides of the connections. The two remote ends of the communication never notice that Eric is relaying the information between the two.
What would you call this attack?
John is the network administrator of XSECURITY systems. His network was recently compromised. He analyzes the log files to investigate the attack. Take a look at the following Linux log file snippet. The hacker compromised and "owned" a Linux machine. What is the hacker trying to accomplish here?
Which of the following items of a computer system will an anti-virus program scan for viruses?
You are the security administrator for a large network. You want to prevent attackers from running any sort of traceroute into your DMZ and discovering the internal structure of publicly accessible areas of the network. How can you achieve this?
When an alert rule is matched in a network-based IDS like snort, the IDS does which of the following?
Keystroke logging is the action of tracking (or logging) the keys struck on a keyboard, typically in a covert manner so that the person using the keyboard is unaware that their actions are being monitored.
How will you defend against hardware keyloggers when using public computers and Internet Kiosks? (Select 4 answers)
Clive has been monitoring his IDS and sees that there are a huge number of ICMP Echo Reply packets that are being received on the external gateway interface. Further inspection reveals that they are not responses from the internal hosts’ requests but simply responses coming from the Internet.
What could be the most likely cause?
Bank of Timbuktu is a medium-sized, regional financial institution in Timbuktu. The bank has deployed a new Internet-accessible Web application recently. Customers can access their account balances, transfer money between accounts, pay bills and conduct online financial business using a Web browser.
John Stevens is in charge of information security at Bank of Timbuktu. After one month in production, several customers have complained about the Internet enabled banking application. Strangely, the account balances of many of the bank's customers had been changed! However, money hasn't been removed from the bank; instead, money was transferred between accounts. Given this attack profile, John Stevens reviewed the Web application's logs and found the following entries:
What kind of attack did the Hacker attempt to carry out at the bank?
Let's imagine three companies (A, B and C), all competing in a challenging global environment. Company A and B are working together in developing a product that will generate a major competitive advantage for them. Company A has a secure DNS server while company B has a DNS server vulnerable to spoofing. With a spoofing attack on the DNS server of company B, company C gains access to outgoing e-mails from company B. How do you prevent DNS spoofing? (Select the Best Answer.)
You have the SOA presented below in your Zone. Your secondary servers have not been able to contact your primary server to synchronize information. How long will the secondary servers attempt to contact the primary server before it considers that zone is dead and stops responding to queries?
collegae.edu.SOA, cikkye.edu ipad.college.edu. (200302028 3600 3600 604800 3600)
Which of the following statements are true regarding N-tier architecture? (Choose two.)
Oregon Corp is fighting a litigation suit with Scamster Inc. Oregon has assigned a private investigative agency to go through garbage, recycled paper, and other rubbish at Scamster's office site in order to find relevant information. What would you call this kind of activity?
Which of the following is a common Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) vulnerability?
What is the main disadvantage of the scripting languages as opposed to compiled programming languages?
Perimeter testing means determining exactly what your firewall blocks and what it allows. To conduct a good test, you can spoof source IP addresses and source ports. Which of the following command results in packets that will appear to originate from the system at 10.8.8.8? Such a packet is useful for determining whether the firewall is allowing random packets in or out of your network.
An attacker sniffs encrypted traffic from the network and is subsequently able to decrypt it. The attacker can now use which cryptanalytic technique to attempt to discover the encryption key?
Which of the following Netcat commands would be used to perform a UDP scan of the lower 1024 ports?
Windows LAN Manager (LM) hashes are known to be weak. Which of the following are known weaknesses of LM? (Choose three)
Which of the following display filters will you enable in Ethereal to view the three-way handshake for a connection from host 192.168.0.1?
You are attempting to crack LM Manager hashed from Windows 2000 SAM file. You will be using LM Brute force hacking tool for decryption.
What encryption algorithm will you be decrypting?
What file system vulnerability does the following command take advantage of?
type c:\anyfile.exe > c:\winnt\system32\calc.exe:anyfile.exe
Which of the following command line switch would you use for OS detection in Nmap?
__________ is found in all versions of NTFS and is described as the ability to fork file data into existing files without affecting their functionality, size, or display to traditional file browsing utilities like dir or Windows Explorer
A XYZ security System Administrator is reviewing the network system log files.
He notes the following:
What should he assume has happened and what should he do about the situation?
The following excerpt is taken from a honeyput log. The log captures activities across three days. There are several intrusion attempts; however, a few are successful. Study the log given below and answer the following question:
(Note: The objective of this questions is to test whether the student has learnt about passive OS fingerprinting (which should tell them the OS from log captures): can they tell a SQL injection attack signature; can they infer if a user ID has been created by an attacker and whether they can read plain source – destination entries from log entries.)
What can you infer from the above log?
You have initiated an active operating system fingerprinting attempt with nmap against a target system:
What operating system is the target host running based on the open ports shown above?
Destination unreachable administratively prohibited messages can inform the hacker to what?
While examining audit logs, you discover that people are able to telnet into the SMTP server on port 25. You would like to block this, though you do not see any evidence of an attack or other wrong doing. However, you are concerned about affecting the normal functionality of the email server. From the following options choose how best you can achieve this objective?
Peter, a Network Administrator, has come to you looking for advice on a tool that would help him perform SNMP enquires over the network. Which of these tools would do the SNMP enumeration he is looking for?
Select the best answers.
Which of the following represents the initial two commands that an IRC client sends to join an IRC network?
You want to use netcat to generate huge amount of useless network data continuously for various performance testing between 2 hosts.
Which of the following commands accomplish this?
Exhibit:
Based on the following extract from the log of a compromised machine, what is the hacker really trying to steal?
What is the term 8 to describe an attack that falsifies a broadcast ICMP echo request and includes a primary and secondary victim?
What ports should be blocked on the firewall to prevent NetBIOS traffic from not coming through the firewall if your network is comprised of Windows NT, 2000, and XP?(Choose all that apply.
Study the snort rule given below:
From the options below, choose the exploit against which this rule applies.
Exhibit:
ettercap –NCLzs --quiet
What does the command in the exhibit do in “Ettercap”?
When Jason moves a file via NFS over the company's network, you want to grab a copy of it by sniffing. Which of the following tool accomplishes this?
Exhibit:
The following is an entry captured by a network IDS.You are assigned the task of analyzing this entry. You notice the value 0x90, which is the most common NOOP instruction for the Intel processor. You figure that the attacker is attempting a buffer overflow attack. You also notice "/bin/sh" in the ASCII part of the output. As an analyst what would you conclude about the attack?
What did the following commands determine?
C: user2sid \earth guest
S-1-5-21-343818398-789336058-1343024091-501
C:sid2user 5 21 343818398 789336058 1343024091 500
Name is Joe
Domain is EARTH
How would you describe a simple yet very effective mechanism for sending and receiving unauthorized information or data between machines without alerting any firewalls and IDS's on a network?
Which one of the following network attacks takes advantages of weaknesses in the fragment reassembly functionality of the TCP/IP protocol stack?
An attacker runs netcat tool to transfer a secret file between two hosts.
Machine A: netcat -l -p 1234 < secretfile
Machine B: netcat 192.168.3.4 > 1234
He is worried about information being sniffed on the network. How would the attacker use netcat to encrypt the information before transmitting onto the wire?
Erik notices a big increase in UDP packets sent to port 1026 and 1027 occasionally. He enters the following at the command prompt.
$ nc -l -p 1026 -u -v
In response, he sees the following message.
cell(?(c)????STOPALERT77STOP! WINDOWS REQUIRES IMMEDIATE ATTENTION.
Windows has found 47 Critical Errors.
To fix the errors please do the following:
1. Download Registry Repair from: www.reg-patch.com
2. Install Registry Repair
3. Run Registry Repair
4. Reboot your computer
FAILURE TO ACT NOW MAY LEAD TO DATA LOSS AND CORRUPTION!
What would you infer from this alert?
Assuring two systems that are using IPSec to protect traffic over the internet, what type of general attack could compromise the data?
Null sessions are un-authenticated connections (not using a username or password.) to an NT or 2000 system. Which TCP and UDP ports must you filter to check null sessions on your network?
Under what conditions does a secondary name server request a zone transfer from a primary name server?
You have retrieved the raw hash values from a Windows 2000 Domain Controller. Using social engineering, you come to know that they are enforcing strong passwords. You understand that all users are required to use passwords that are at least 8 characters in length. All passwords must also use 3 of the 4 following categories: lower case letters, capital letters, numbers and special characters.
With your existing knowledge of users, likely user account names and the possibility that they will choose the easiest passwords possible, what would be the fastest type of password cracking attack you can run against these hash values and still get results?
What would best be defined as a security test on services against a known vulnerability database using an automated tool?
You are gathering competitive intelligence on an organization. You notice that they have jobs listed on a few Internet job-hunting sites. There are two jobs for network and system administrators. How can this help you in foot printing the organization?
NSLookup is a good tool to use to gain additional information about a target network. What does the following command accomplish?
nslookup
> server
> set type =any
> ls -d
You have successfully gained access to a victim's computer using Windows 2003 Server SMB Vulnerability. Which command will you run to disable auditing from the cmd?
Which of the following systems would not respond correctly to an nmap XMAS scan?
While attempting to discover the remote operating system on the target computer, you receive the following results from an nmap scan:
Remote operating system guess: Too many signatures match to reliably guess the OS.
Nmap run completed -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 277.483 seconds
What should be your next step to identify the OS?
A corporation hired an ethical hacker to test if it is possible to obtain users' login credentials using methods other than social engineering. Access to offices and to a network node is granted. Results from server scanning indicate all are adequately patched and physical access is denied, thus, administrators have access only through Remote Desktop. Which technique could be used to obtain login credentials?
An attacker has been successfully modifying the purchase price of items purchased on the company's web site. The security administrators verify the web server and Oracle database have not been compromised directly. They have also verified the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) logs and found no attacks that could have caused this. What is the mostly likely way the attacker has been able to modify the purchase price?
While conducting a penetration test, the tester determines that there is a firewall between the tester's machine and the target machine. The firewall is only monitoring TCP handshaking of packets at the session layer of the OSI model. Which type of firewall is the tester trying to traverse?
Which type of access control is used on a router or firewall to limit network activity?
The intrusion detection system at a software development company suddenly generates multiple alerts regarding attacks against the company's external webserver, VPN concentrator, and DNS servers. What should the security team do to determine which alerts to check first?
Which of the following tools will scan a network to perform vulnerability checks and compliance auditing?
What is a successful method for protecting a router from potential smurf attacks?
Diffie-Hellman (DH) groups determine the strength of the key used in the key exchange process. Which of the following is the correct bit size of the Diffie-Hellman (DH) group 5?
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard 27002 provides guidance for compliance by outlining
For messages sent through an insecure channel, a properly implemented digital signature gives the receiver reason to believe the message was sent by the claimed sender. While using a digital signature, the message digest is encrypted with which key?
A company firewall engineer has configured a new DMZ to allow public systems to be located away from the internal network. The engineer has three security zones set:
Untrust (Internet) – (Remote network = 217.77.88.0/24)
DMZ (DMZ) – (11.12.13.0/24)
Trust (Intranet) – (192.168.0.0/24)
The engineer wants to configure remote desktop access from a fixed IP on the remote network to a remote desktop server in the DMZ. Which rule would best fit this requirement?
A security consultant is trying to bid on a large contract that involves penetration testing and reporting. The company accepting bids wants proof of work so the consultant prints out several audits that have been performed. Which of the following is likely to occur as a result?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)?
A security analyst in an insurance company is assigned to test a new web application that will be used by clients to help them choose and apply for an insurance plan. The analyst discovers that the application is developed in ASP scripting language and it uses MSSQL as a database backend. The analyst locates the application's search form and introduces the following code in the search input fielD.
IMG SRC=vbscript:msgbox("Vulnerable");> originalAttribute="SRC" originalPath="vbscript:msgbox("Vulnerable");>"
When the analyst submits the form, the browser returns a pop-up window that says "Vulnerable".
Which web applications vulnerability did the analyst discover?
A security policy will be more accepted by employees if it is consistent and has the support of
Which of the following lists are valid data-gathering activities associated with a risk assessment?
To reduce the attack surface of a system, administrators should perform which of the following processes to remove unnecessary software, services, and insecure configuration settings?
A consultant has been hired by the V.P. of a large financial organization to assess the company's security posture. During the security testing, the consultant comes across child pornography on the V.P.'s computer. What is the consultant's obligation to the financial organization?
Which of the following is a protocol that is prone to a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack and maps a 32-bit address to a 48-bit address?
____________ will let you assume a users identity at a dynamically generated web page or site.
Matthew re-injects a captured wireless packet back onto the network. He does this hundreds of times within a second. The packet is correctly encrypted and Matthew assumes it is an ARP request packet. The wireless host responds with a stream of responses, all individually encrypted with different IVs. What is this attack most appropriately called?
Which of the following buffer overflow exploits are related to Microsoft IIS web server? (Choose three)
Jackson discovers that the wireless AP transmits 128 bytes of plaintext, and the station responds by encrypting the plaintext. It then transmits the resulting ciphertext using the same key and cipher that are used by WEP to encrypt subsequent network traffic. What authentication mechanism is being followed here?
Symmetric encryption algorithms are known to be fast but present great challenges on the key management side. Asymmetric encryption algorithms are slow but allow communication with a remote host without having to transfer a key out of band or in person. If we combine the strength of both crypto systems where we use the symmetric algorithm to encrypt the bulk of the data and then use the asymmetric encryption system to encrypt the symmetric key, what would this type of usage be known as?
Your boss Tess King is attempting to modify the parameters of a Web-based application in order to alter the SQL statements that are parsed to retrieve data from the database. What would you call such an attack?
You have just installed a new Linux file server at your office. This server is going to be used by several individuals in the organization, and unauthorized personnel must not be able to modify any data.
What kind of program can you use to track changes to files on the server?
This packet was taken from a packet sniffer that monitors a Web server.
This packet was originally 1514 bytes long, but only the first 512 bytes are shown here. This is the standard hexdump representation of a network packet, before being decoded. A hexdump has three columns: the offset of each line, the hexadecimal data, and the ASCII equivalent. This packet contains a 14-byte Ethernet header, a 20-byte IP header, a 20-byte TCP header, an HTTP header ending in two line-feeds (0D 0A 0D 0A) and then the data. By examining the packet identify the name and version of the Web server?
An employee wants to defeat detection by a network-based IDS application. He does not want to attack the system containing the IDS application.
Which of the following strategies can be used to defeat detection by a network-based IDS application? (Choose the best answer)
You visit a website to retrieve the listing of a company's staff members. But you can not find it on the website. You know the listing was certainly present one year before. How can you retrieve information from the outdated website?
Which are true statements concerning the BugBear and Pretty Park worms?
Select the best answers.
Which of the following is one of the key features found in a worm but not seen in a virus?
What is a primary advantage a hacker gains by using encryption or programs such as Loki?
Exhibit
Study the log given in the exhibit,
Precautionary measures to prevent this attack would include writing firewall rules. Of these firewall rules, which among the following would be appropriate?
John is discussing security with Jane. Jane had mentioned to John earlier that she suspects an LKM has been installed on her server. She believes this is the reason that the server has been acting erratically lately. LKM stands for Loadable Kernel Module.
What does this mean in the context of Linux Security?
Access control is often implemented through the use of MAC address filtering on wireless Access Points. Why is this considered to be a very limited security measure?
Exhibit:
Given the following extract from the snort log on a honeypot, what service is being exploited? :
You are gathering competitive intelligence on XYZ.com. You notice that they have jobs listed on a few Internet job-hunting sites. There are two job postings for network and system administrators. How can this help you in footprint the organization?
If you send a SYN to an open port, what is the correct response?(Choose all correct answers.
You are the security administrator for a large network. You want to prevent attackers from running any sort of traceroute into your DMZ and discover the internal structure of publicly accessible areas of the network.
How can you achieve this?
Which of the following tool would be considered as Signature Integrity Verifier (SIV)?
An attacker finds a web page for a target organization that supplies contact information for the company. Using available details to make the message seem authentic, the attacker drafts e-mail to an employee on the contact page that appears to come from an individual who might reasonably request confidential information, such as a network administrator.
The email asks the employee to log into a bogus page that requests the employee's user name and password or click on a link that will download spyware or other malicious programming.
Google's Gmail was hacked using this technique and attackers stole source code and sensitive data from Google servers. This is highly sophisticated attack using zero-day exploit vectors, social engineering and malware websites that focused on targeted individuals working for the company.
What is this deadly attack called?
More sophisticated IDSs look for common shellcode signatures. But even these systems can be bypassed, by using polymorphic shellcode. This is a technique common among virus writers ?it basically hides the true nature of the shellcode in different disguises.
How does a polymorphic shellcode work?
Vulnerability scanners are automated tools that are used to identify vulnerabilities and misconfigurations of hosts. They also provide information regarding mitigating discovered vulnerabilities.
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
XSS attacks occur on Web pages that do not perform appropriate bounds checking on data entered by users. Characters like < > that mark the beginning/end of a tag should be converted into HTML entities.
What is the correct code when converted to html entities?
David is a security administrator working in Boston. David has been asked by the office's manager to block all POP3 traffic at the firewall because he believes employees are spending too much time reading personal email. How can David block POP3 at the firewall?
Annie has just succeeded in stealing a secure cookie via a XSS attack. She is able to replay the cookie even while the session is invalid on the server. Why do you think this is possible?
In what stage of Virus life does a stealth virus gets activated with the user performing certain actions such as running an infected program?
Which of the following statement correctly defines ICMP Flood Attack? (Select 2 answers)
Jimmy, an attacker, knows that he can take advantage of poorly designed input validation routines to create or alter SQL commands to gain access to private data or execute commands in the database. What technique does Jimmy use to compromise a database?
SYN Flood is a DOS attack in which an attacker deliberately violates the three-way handshake and opens a large number of half-open TCP connections. The signature of attack for SYN Flood contains:
While performing a ping sweep of a local subnet you receive an ICMP reply of Code 3/Type 13 for all the pings you have sent out. What is the most likely cause of this?
You are the security administrator of Jaco Banking Systems located in Boston. You are setting up e-banking website (http://www.ejacobank.com) authentication system. Instead of issuing banking customer with a single password, you give them a printed list of 100 unique passwords. Each time the customer needs to log into the e-banking system website, the customer enters the next password on the list. If someone sees them type the password using shoulder surfing, MiTM or keyloggers, then no damage is done because the password will not be accepted a second time. Once the list of 100 passwords is almost finished, the system automatically sends out a new password list by encrypted e-mail to the customer.
You are confident that this security implementation will protect the customer from password abuse.
Two months later, a group of hackers called "HackJihad" found a way to access the one-time password list issued to customers of Jaco Banking Systems. The hackers set up a fake website (http://www.e-jacobank.com) and used phishing attacks to direct ignorant customers to it. The fake website asked users for their e-banking username and password, and the next unused entry from their one-time password sheet. The hackers collected 200 customer 's username/passwords this way. They transferred money from the customer's bank account to various offshore accounts.
Your decision of password policy implementation has cost the bank with USD 925, 000 to hackers. You immediately shut down the e-banking website while figuring out the next best security solution
What effective security solution will you recommend in this case?
You run nmap port Scan on 10.0.0.5 and attempt to gain banner/server information from services running on ports 21, 110 and 123.
Here is the output of your scan results:
Which of the following nmap command did you run?
Samuel is the network administrator of DataX Communications, Inc. He is trying to configure his firewall to block password brute force attempts on his network. He enables blocking the intruder's IP address for a period of 24 hours' time after more than three unsuccessful attempts. He is confident that this rule will secure his network from hackers on the Internet.
But he still receives hundreds of thousands brute-force attempts generated from various IP addresses around the world. After some investigation he realizes that the intruders are using a proxy somewhere else on the Internet which has been scripted to enable the random usage of various proxies on each request so as not to get caught by the firewall rule.
Later he adds another rule to his firewall and enables small sleep on the password attempt so that if the password is incorrect, it would take 45 seconds to return to the user to begin another attempt. Since an intruder may use multiple machines to brute force the password, he also throttles the number of connections that will be prepared to accept from a particular IP address. This action will slow the intruder's attempts.
Samuel wants to completely block hackers brute force attempts on his network.
What are the alternatives to defending against possible brute-force password attacks on his site?
Joel and her team have been going through tons of garbage, recycled paper, and other rubbish in order to find some information about the target they are attempting to penetrate. How would you call this type of activity?
An attacker has successfully compromised a remote computer. Which of the following comes as one of the last steps that should be taken to ensure that the compromise cannot be traced back to the source of the problem?
Shayla is an IT security consultant, specializing in social engineering and external penetration tests. Shayla has been hired on by Treks Avionics, a subcontractor for the Department of Defense. Shayla has been given authority to perform any and all tests necessary to audit the company's network security.
No employees for the company, other than the IT director, know about Shayla's work she will be doing. Shayla's first step is to obtain a list of employees through company website contact pages. Then she befriends a female employee of the company through an online chat website. After meeting with the female employee numerous times, Shayla is able to gain her trust and they become friends. One day, Shayla steals the employee's access badge and uses it to gain unauthorized access to the Treks Avionics offices.
What type of insider threat would Shayla be considered?
This IDS defeating technique works by splitting a datagram (or packet) into multiple fragments and the IDS will not spot the true nature of the fully assembled datagram. The datagram is not reassembled until it reaches its final destination. It would be a processor-intensive task for IDS to reassemble all fragments itself, and on a busy system the packet will slip through the IDS onto the network. What is this technique called?
Choose one of the following pseudo codes to describe this statement:
"If we have written 200 characters to the buffer variable, the stack should stop because it cannot hold any more data."
Web servers often contain directories that do not need to be indexed. You create a text file with search engine indexing restrictions and place it on the root directory of the Web Server.
User-agent: *
Disallow: https://www.dumpspedia.com/images/
Disallow: /banners/
Disallow: /Forms/
Disallow: /Dictionary/
Disallow: /_borders/
Disallow: /_fpclass/
Disallow: /_overlay/
Disallow: /_private/
Disallow: /_themes/
What is the name of this file?
Maintaining a secure Web server requires constant effort, resources, and vigilance from an organization. Securely administering a Web server on a daily basis is an essential aspect of Web server security.
Maintaining the security of a Web server will usually involve the following steps:
1. Configuring, protecting, and analyzing log files
2. Backing up critical information frequently
3. Maintaining a protected authoritative copy of the organization's Web content
4. Establishing and following procedures for recovering from compromise
5. Testing and applying patches in a timely manner
6. Testing security periodically.
In which step would you engage a forensic investigator?
You want to hide a secret.txt document inside c:\windows\system32\tcpip.dll kernel library using ADS streams. How will you accomplish this?
Anonymizer sites access the Internet on your behalf, protecting your personal information from disclosure. An anonymizer protects all of your computer's identifying information while it surfs for you, enabling you to remain at least one step removed from the sites you visit.
You can visit Web sites without allowing anyone to gather information on sites visited by you. Services that provide anonymity disable pop-up windows and cookies, and conceal visitor's IP address.
These services typically use a proxy server to process each HTTP request. When the user requests a Web page by clicking a hyperlink or typing a URL into their browser, the service retrieves and displays the information using its own server. The remote server (where the requested Web page resides) receives information on the anonymous Web surfing service in place of your information.
In which situations would you want to use anonymizer? (Select 3 answers)
One of the effective DoS/DDoS countermeasures is 'Throttling'. Which statement correctly defines this term?
In Buffer Overflow exploit, which of the following registers gets overwritten with return address of the exploit code?
How would you describe an attack where an attacker attempts to deliver the payload over multiple packets over long periods of time with the purpose of defeating simple pattern matching in IDS systems without session reconstruction? A characteristic of this attack would be a continuous stream of small packets.
Sandra has been actively scanning the client network on which she is doing a vulnerability assessment test. While conducting a port scan she notices open ports in the range of 135 to 139. What protocol is most likely to be listening on those ports?
Which of the following would be the best reason for sending a single SMTP message to an address that does not exist within the target company?
War dialing is a very old attack and depicted in movies that were made years ago.
Why would a modem security tester consider using such an old technique?
Which address translation scheme would allow a single public IP address to always correspond to a single machine on an internal network, allowing "server publishing"?
One of your team members has asked you to analyze the following SOA record. What is the TTL?
Rutgers.edu.SOA NS1.Rutgers.edu ipad.college.edu (200302028 3600
3600 604800 2400.
While footprinting a network, what port/service should you look for to attempt a zone transfer?
Network Administrator Patricia is doing an audit of the network. Below are some of her findings concerning DNS. Which of these would be a cause for alarm?
Select the best answer.
At a Windows Server command prompt, which command could be used to list the running services?
The use of alert thresholding in an IDS can reduce the volume of repeated alerts, but introduces which of the following vulnerabilities?
John has scanned the web server with NMAP. However, he could not gather enough information to help him identify the operating system running on the remote host accurately.
What would you suggest to John to help identify the OS that is being used on the remote web server?
An nmap command that includes the host specification of 202.176.56-57.* will scan _______ number of hosts.
Data is sent over the network as clear text (unencrypted) when Basic Authentication is configured on Web Servers.
In TCP communications there are 8 flags; FIN, SYN, RST, PSH, ACK, URG, ECE, CWR. These flags have decimal numbers assigned to them:
FIN = 1
SYN = 2
RST = 4
PSH = 8
ACK = 16
URG = 32
ECE = 64
CWR =128
Example: To calculate SYN/ACK flag decimal value, add 2 (which is the decimal value of the SYN flag) to 16 (which is the decimal value of the ACK flag), so the result would be 18.
Based on the above calculation, what is the decimal value for XMAS scan?
Take a look at the following attack on a Web Server using obstructed URL:
How would you protect from these attacks?
You went to great lengths to install all the necessary technologies to prevent hacking attacks, such as expensive firewalls, antivirus software, anti-spam systems and intrusion detection/prevention tools in your company's network. You have configured the most secure policies and tightened every device on your network. You are confident that hackers will never be able to gain access to your network with complex security system in place. Your peer, Peter Smith who works at the same department disagrees with you. He says even the best network security technologies cannot prevent hackers gaining access to the network because of presence of "weakest link" in the security chain. What is Peter Smith talking about?
Finding tools to run dictionary and brute forcing attacks against FTP and Web servers is an easy task for hackers. They use tools such as arhontus or brutus to break into remote servers.
A command such as this, will attack a given 10.0.0.34 FTP and Telnet servers simultaneously with a list of passwords and a single login namE. linksys. Many FTP-specific password-guessing tools are also available from major security sites.
What defensive measures will you take to protect your network from these attacks?
You have chosen a 22 character word from the dictionary as your password. How long will it take to crack the password by an attacker?
Hampton is the senior security analyst for the city of Columbus in Ohio. His primary responsibility is to ensure that all physical and logical aspects of the city's computer network are secure from all angles. Bill is an IT technician that works with Hampton in the same IT department. Bill's primary responsibility is to keep PC's and servers up to date and to keep track of all the agency laptops that the company owns and lends out to its employees. After Bill setup a wireless network for the agency, Hampton made sure that everything was secure. He instituted encryption, rotating keys, turned off SSID broadcasting, and enabled MAC filtering. According to agency policy, only company laptops are allowed to use the wireless network, so Hampton entered all the MAC addresses for those laptops into the wireless security utility so that only those laptops should be able to access the wireless network.
Hampton does not keep track of all the laptops, but he is pretty certain that the agency only purchases Dell laptops. Hampton is curious about this because he notices Bill working on a Toshiba laptop one day and saw that he was on the Internet. Instead of jumping to conclusions, Hampton decides to talk to Bill's boss and see if they had purchased a Toshiba laptop instead of the usual Dell. Bill's boss said no, so now Hampton is very curious to see how Bill is accessing the Internet. Hampton does site surveys every couple of days, and has yet to see any outside wireless network signals inside the company's building.
How was Bill able to get Internet access without using an agency laptop?
_____________ is a type of symmetric-key encryption algorithm that transforms a fixed-length block of plaintext (unencrypted text) data into a block of ciphertext (encrypted text) data of the same length.
LAN Manager Passwords are concatenated to 14 bytes, and split in half. The two halves are hashed individually. If the password is 7 characters or less, than the second half of the hash is always:
A simple compiler technique used by programmers is to add a terminator 'canary word' containing four letters NULL (0x00), CR (0x0d), LF (0x0a) and EOF (0xff) so that most string operations are terminated. If the canary word has been altered when the function returns, and the program responds by emitting an intruder alert into syslog, and then halts what does it indicate?
You establish a new Web browser connection to Google. Since a 3-way handshake is required for any TCP connection, the following actions will take place.
Which of the following packets represent completion of the 3-way handshake?
Which port, when configured on a switch receives a copy of every packet that passes through it?
Nathan is testing some of his network devices. Nathan is using Macof to try and flood the ARP cache of these switches. If these switches' ARP cache is successfully flooded, what will be the result?
This TCP flag instructs the sending system to transmit all buffered data immediately.
In this attack, a victim receives an e-mail claiming from PayPal stating that their account has been disabled and confirmation is required before activation. The attackers then scam to collect not one but two credit card numbers, ATM PIN number and other personal details.
Ignorant users usually fall prey to this scam. Which of the following statement is incorrect related to this attack?
Neil is closely monitoring his firewall rules and logs on a regular basis. Some of the users have complained to Neil that there are a few employees who are visiting offensive web site during work hours, without any consideration for others. Neil knows that he has an up-to-date content filtering system and such access should not be authorized. What type of technique might be used by these offenders to access the Internet without restriction?
Switches maintain a CAM Table that maps individual MAC addresses on the network to physical ports on the switch.
In MAC flooding attack, a switch is fed with many Ethernet frames, each containing different source MAC addresses, by the attacker. Switches have a limited memory for mapping various MAC addresses to physical ports. What happens when the CAM table becomes full?
Gerald, the Systems Administrator for Hyped Enterprises, has just discovered that his network has been breached by an outside attacker. After performing routine maintenance on his servers, he discovers numerous remote tools were installed that no one claims to have knowledge of in his department. Gerald logs onto the management console for his IDS and discovers an unknown IP address that scanned his network constantly for a week and was able to access his network through a high-level port that was not closed. Gerald traces the IP address he found in the IDS log to a proxy server in Brazil. Gerald calls the company that owns the proxy server and after searching through their logs, they trace the source to another proxy server in Switzerland. Gerald calls the company in Switzerland that owns the proxy server and after scanning through the logs again, they trace the source back to a proxy server in China. What proxy tool has Gerald's attacker used to cover their tracks?
Bob has been hired to do a web application security test. Bob notices that the site is dynamic and must make use of a back end database. Bob wants to see if SQL Injection would be possible. What is the first character that Bob should use to attempt breaking valid SQL request?
Yancey is a network security administrator for a large electric company. This company provides power for over 100, 000 people in Las Vegas. Yancey has worked for his company for over 15 years and has become very successful. One day, Yancey comes in to work and finds out that the company will be downsizing and he will be out of a job in two weeks. Yancey is very angry and decides to place logic bombs, viruses, Trojans, and backdoors all over the network to take down the company once he has left. Yancey does not care if his actions land him in jail for 30 or more years, he just wants the company to pay for what they are doing to him. What would Yancey be considered?
A digital signature is simply a message that is encrypted with the public key instead of the private key.
Company A and Company B have just merged and each has its own Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). What must the Certificate Authorities (CAs) establish so that the private PKIs for Company A and Company B trust one another and each private PKI can validate digital certificates from the other company?
Pentest results indicate that voice over IP traffic is traversing a network. Which of the following tools will decode a packet capture and extract the voice conversations?
A technician is resolving an issue where a computer is unable to connect to the Internet using a wireless access point. The computer is able to transfer files locally to other machines, but cannot successfully reach the Internet. When the technician examines the IP address and default gateway they are both on the 192.168.1.0/24. Which of the following has occurred?
Which of the following examples best represents a logical or technical control?
Which of the following levels of algorithms does Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) use?
What is the main advantage that a network-based IDS/IPS system has over a host-based solution?
Firewalk has just completed the second phase (the scanning phase) and a technician receives the output shown below. What conclusions can be drawn based on these scan results? TCP port 21 – no response TCP port 22 – no response TCP port 23 – Time-to-live exceeded
Which of the following can the administrator do to verify that a tape backup can be recovered in its entirety?
Which security strategy requires using several, varying methods to protect IT systems against attacks?
The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) testing methodology addresses the need to secure web applications by providing which one of the following services?
Which of the following algorithms provides better protection against brute force attacks by using a 160-bit message digest?
While checking the settings on the internet browser, a technician finds that the proxy server settings have been checked and a computer is trying to use itself as a proxy server. What specific octet within the subnet does the technician see?
Which of the following business challenges could be solved by using a vulnerability scanner?
Which of the following techniques will identify if computer files have been changed?
Which of the following is a primary service of the U.S. Computer Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT)?
When setting up a wireless network, an administrator enters a pre-shared key for security. Which of the following is true?
A pentester gains acess to a Windows application server and needs to determine the settings of the built-in Windows firewall. Which command would be used?
Which of the following defines the role of a root Certificate Authority (CA) in a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)?
A hacker is attempting to see which IP addresses are currently active on a network. Which NMAP switch would the hacker use?
What technique is used to perform a Connection Stream Parameter Pollution (CSPP) attack?
What are the three types of compliance that the Open Source Security Testing Methodology Manual (OSSTMM) recognizes?
Which of the following network attacks relies on sending an abnormally large packet size that exceeds TCP/IP specifications?
A company has hired a security administrator to maintain and administer Linux and Windows-based systems. Written in the nightly report file is the followinG.
Firewall log files are at the expected value of 4 MB. The current time is 12am. Exactly two hours later the size has decreased considerably. Another hour goes by and the log files have shrunk in size again.
Which of the following actions should the security administrator take?
Which of the following programming languages is most vulnerable to buffer overflow attacks?
Which of the following does proper basic configuration of snort as a network intrusion detection system require?
The network administrator for a company is setting up a website with e-commerce capabilities. Packet sniffing is a concern because credit card information will be sent electronically over the Internet. Customers visiting the site will need to encrypt the data with HTTPS. Which type of certificate is used to encrypt and decrypt the data?
TESTED 03 Dec 2024
